Contents -
PART 1. NATURAL WATER SUPPLIES -
Rain water -
Surface water -
River water -
Spring water -
Well water -
Canal water -
Pit water -
Effects of drought -
Condensate as feed water -
Water blending -
PART 2. SCALE FORMATION -
Effect of scale -
Lime-soda process -
Hot lime-soda softening -
General notes on plant -
Nuclear precipitation -
Caustic soda softening -
Sodium aluminate with lime-soda treatment -
Zeolite or base-exchange softeners -
Partial Zeolite softening -
Hydrogen and demineralizing zeolites -
Lime-base exchange treatment -
The B.B.A. dejector -
Lime-Barium softeners -
Necessity for conditioning boiler feed -
Colloidal conditioning-
Mechanism of scale formation -
Carbonate and phosphate conditioning -
Use of metaphosphate and pyrophosphate -
Budenheim phosphate treatment -
Silica scales and deposits -
Turbine blade deposits -
Potassium treatment -
Chlorination of condenser cooling water -
Scale formation in cooling water systems -
Scale formation in economizers -
Electrical scale prevention -
Removal of scales and deposits -
PART 3. CORROSION -
Early theories of corrosion-
Corrosion by differential aeration -
Dissolved oxygen Deaeration by chemical methods -
Deaeration by physical methods -
Corrosion due to unstable salts -
Danger of soft water Corrosion by carbon dioxide -
Superheater and turbine corrosion -
Economizer corrosion-
The treatment of alkaline waters -
Caustic embrittlement -
Hydrogen ion concentration -
Determination of pH values -
Hydrogen ions and corrosion -
Coagulation control -
Softening plant control -
Boiler water recirculation -
Electrical methods of preventing corrosion -
PART 4. FOAMING AND PRIMING -
Causes of priming -
Balanced layer film formation -
Foam stabilization -
Prevention of priming -
Blow-down control -
Intermittent blow-down -
Continuous blow-down systems -
Use of condensate and blending of waters -
Removal of oil from water -
Methods of de-oiling water -
PART 5. ANALYSIS AND ROUTINE TESTING -
Sampling-
Standard solutions -
Frequency of analyses -
Units -
Control tests for softening -
Raw water -
Chemicals required for treatment -
Control tests for softening -
Treated water -
Tests for carbonate and phosphate conditioning -
Dissolved oxygen -
Blow-down testing -
Embrittlement ratios -
General water analysis -
Analysis of scales-
Residual chlorine -
Tannins -
Appendix -
Index -
Standard solutions -
Reagents-Clark's table of hardnesses -
Chemical factors -
Conversion tables -
Summary of recommended practice -
