The only large-scale critical introduction to Western Marxism for biblical criticism. Roland Boer introduces the core concepts of major figures in the tradition, specifically Althusser, Gramsci, Deleuze and Guattari, Eagleton, Lefebvre, Lukács, Adorno, Bloch, Negri, Jameson, and Jameson. Throughout, Boer shows how Marxist criticism is relevant to biblical criticism, in terms of approaches to the Bible and in the use of those approaches in the interpretation of specific texts. In this second edition, Boer has added chapters on Deleuze and Guattari, and Negri. Each chapter has been carefully revised to make the book more useful on courses, while maintaining challenges and insights for postgraduate students and scholars. Theoretical material has been updated and sharpened in light of subsequent research and a revised conclusion considers the economies of the ancient world in relation to biblical societies. Roland Boer offers a fascinating 'close reading' of biblical texts with the help of Marxist hermeneutics. He connects the texts with the socio-economic context in which they are written, with respect to what those texts themselves want to express. Different from the historical-critical interpretation of the Bible, in which history is the critique of the text, he shows how the tensions in the text itself make possible an immanent critique of its ideology: the never-ending attempt to oppress the protest. After this book it will be very difficult to read the Hebrew Bible as only a historical or religious document.