Kirstie Ball is Professor of Management at the School of Management, St Andrews University; and co-director of CRISP, the Centre for Research into Information, Surveillance and Privacy (www.crisp-surveillance.com).

William Webster is Professor of Public Policy and Management at the Management School, University of Stirling; and co-director of CRISP, the Centre for Research into Information, Surveillance and Privacy (www.crisp-surveillance.com).