Zvi Gitelman is professor of Judaic studies and political science at the University of Michigan. He is author or editor of 10 books including; Jewish Life After the USSR and A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union. Yaacov Ro'i is professor of history at Tel Aviv University. He is author or editor of 9 books including Russian Jews on Three Continents, Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union, and Jewish Culture and Identity in the Soviet Union.