The formal philosophy of science, its two components, conceptology, and methodology, as well as 21 varieties of special philosophy of science, are considered in a systematic theoretical form. All theories are interpreted within the framework of the main philosophical directions of modernity, in particular, analytical philosophy, hermeneutics, poststructuralism, phenomenology, and critical rationalism. An original theory of intratheoretical and intertheoretical transduction developed. Ethical representations are widely used. Exceptional attention is paid to the transdisciplinary approach, as well as the conceptual development of pluralism in modern science and the fullness of scientific knowledge. The book has no analog in literature. It is intended for researchers, university professors, graduate students, and undergraduates.