Penguin Island (original title: L'Île des Pingouins) is a satirical novel by Anatole France, published in 1908. The book uses the fictional story of a society of penguins transformed into humans to critique various aspects of human society, such as religion, politics, and history. The novel begins with a monk named Mael, who mistakenly baptizes a group of penguins, turning them into humans. As these newly humanized penguins form a society called Penguinia, they go through the stages of civilization, from primitive beginnings to a modern state, mirroring the rise and fall of human civilizations throughout history. Through the development of Penguinia, Anatole France satirizes the absurdities and follies of human behavior, exploring themes such as the corrupting influence of power, the conflicts between science and religion, and the cyclical nature of history. The novel is known for its sharp wit, humor, and insightful commentary on human nature and societal issues. Penguin Island is considered one of France's most significant works, showcasing his ability to blend fantasy with social and political critique. The book remains a notable example of literary satire, reflecting France's skepticism and humanistic perspective.